John-san and Kim-san are classmates in a Japanese language class. Today, Kim-san went to John-san ‘s house with some classmates and enjoyed a meal that John-san had prepared.
ごちそうさまでした。おいしかったです。ジョンさん、料理がじょうずですね。
Thank you for the meal. It was delicious. John-san, you’re good at cooking.
ありがとうございます。子どものとき、よく母に料理をてつだわされたんです。
Thank you. When I was a child, I used to be made to help with cooking by my mother.
そうですか。
Oh really?
母は仕事がいそがしかったので、そうじやせんたくもさせられました。
My mother was very busy with work, so I was also made to do cleaning and laundry.
そうなんですね。
I see.
あのころは、いやだったんですけど、今はよかったと思っています。今、日本で一人ぐらしをしていますけど、ぜんぜんこまりませんから。
I didn’t like it back then, but now I think it was a good experience. I live alone in Japan now, but I don’t have any problems at all.
When John was a child, he often helped with cooking and did cleaning and laundry too. However, it wasn’t John’s decision; it was because his mother instructed him to “help with cooking,” “do cleaning,” and “do laundry.”
As a child, John did not like that. Then he said, “（わたしは）よく ははに りょうりを てつだわされた（I used to be made to help with cooking by my mother）,” and “（わたしは ははに）そうじや せんたくも させられました( I was also made to do cleaning and laundry ) “, using the causative-passive form.
“てつだわされた” is the た-form of “てつだわされる,” the causative-passive form of “てつだう(to help),” and “させられました” is the “～ました” form of “させられる,” the causative-passive form of “する(to do).” The particle “に” is added to indicate the person who gave the instruction, which is “はは(mother)” in this case.
When John-san’s mother talks about giving these instructions, she would use the causative form, saying, “（わたしは ジョンに）よく りょうりを てつだわせた(I often made John help with cooking)” and “（わたしは ジョンに）そうじや せんたくを させた(I made John do cleaning and laundry).”
For more information on causative forms, check articles below.
Today, I will explain how to make the causative-passive form.
Verbs are divided into three groups based on their conjugation patterns, so here is a table for each group.
If you are not familiar with verb groupings, check articles below.
The verbs in Group Ⅰ
| ます-form | dictionary form | Causative form | Causative- Passive form① | Causative- Passive form② | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | いいます | いう | いわせる | いわせられる | いわされる | say / tell |
| かきます | かく | かかせる | かかせられる | かかされる | write | |
| はなします | はなす | はなさせる | はなさせられる | ――― | speak | |
| まちます | まつ | またせる | またせられる | またされる | wait | |
| よみます | よむ | よませる | よませられる | よまされる | read | |
| つくります | つくる | つくらせる | つくらせられる | つくらされる | make |
In the case of Group I verbs, there are two forms of the causative-passive: a longer form like “いわせられる” and a shorter form like “いわされる.”
In the causative-passive form, the “う-row” sounds in Japanese syllabary in the dictionary form becomes the “あ-row sound ＋せられる / される“, as in “いう” →”いわせられる / いわされる” and “かく” →“かかせられる / かかされる“.
The longer forms “いわせられる” and “かかせられる” are the passive forms of the causative form “いわせる” and “かかせる,” respectively.
The verbs in Group Ⅱ
| ます-form | dictionary form | Causative form | Causative-Passive form | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅱ | みます | みる | みさせる | みさせられる | look |
| たべます | たべる | たべさせる | たべさせられる | eat | |
| つけます | つける | つけさせる | つけさせられる | put on |
In the causative-passive form, “る” in the dictionary form changes to “させられる.” These are the passive forms of the causative form “-させる.”
The verbs in Group Ⅲ
| ます-form | dictionary form | Causative form | Causative-Passive form | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅲ | します | する | させる | させられる | do |
| きます | くる | こさせる | こさせられる | come |
These are the passive forms of the causative form. Please remember these two as they are.
Let’s do some practice.
【れんしゅう1】 What is the causative-passive form of the following verbs? Sometimes there are two forms, a long form and a short form.
| dictionary form | Causative-Passive form① | Causative-Passive form② |
|---|---|---|
| a. たべる | ――――― | |
| b. とる | ||
| c. はなす | ――――― | |
| d. のむ | ||
| e. くる | ――――― | |
| f. みる | ――――― | |
| g. いう | ||
| h. おす | ――――― | |
| i. おぼえる | ――――― | |
| j. 発表する | ――――― |
【れんしゅう2】Please change the following sentences to causative-passive sentences.
ex.：先生は学生に作文を書かせました。 → 学生は先生に作文を書かせられました / 書かされました。
The teacher made the students write a composition.
→ The students were made to write a composition by the teacher.
a. 課長はジェインさんに残業をさせました。 → ジェインさんは 。
The section chief made Jane-san work overtime.
→ Jane-san was made to work overtime by the section chief.
b. 先生は学生たちを朝早く学校へこさせました。 → 学生たちは 。
The teacher made the students come to school early in the morning.
→ The students were made to come to school early in the morning by the teacher.
c. 母親は子どもににんじんをたべさせました。 → 子どもは 。
The mother made the child eat carrots.
→ The child was made to eat carrots by the mother.
d. 上司は部下に報告書をださせました。→ 部下は 。
The boss made the subordinates submit a report.
→ The subordinates were made to submit a report by the boss.
e. 先生は学生たちにかんじをおぼえさせました。→ 学生たちは 。
The teacher made the students remember kanji.
→ The students were made to remember kanji by the teacher.
f. 母親は子どもを買いものに行かせました。→ 子どもは 。
The mother made the child go shopping.
→ The child was made to go shopping by the mother.
Let’s think about it!
Here are the answers.
【れんしゅう1】
| dictionary form | Causative-Passive form① | Causative-Passive form② |
|---|---|---|
| a. たべる | たべさせられる | ――――― |
| b. とる | とらせられる | とらされる |
| c. はなす | はなさせられる | ――――― |
| d. のむ | のませられる | のまされる |
| e. くる | こさせられる | ――――― |
| f. みる | みさせられる | ――――― |
| g. いう | いわせられる | いわされる |
| h. おす | おさせられる | ――――― |
| i. おぼえる | おぼえさせられる | ――――― |
| j. 発表する | 発表させられる | ――――― |
【れんしゅう2】
a. 課長はジェインさんに残業をさせました。 → ジェインさんは課長に残業をさせられました。
The section chief made Jane-san work overtime.
→ Jane-san was made to work overtime by the section chief.
b. 先生は学生たちを朝早く学校へこさせました。 → 学生たちは先生に朝早く学校へこさせられました。
The teacher made the students come to school early in the morning.
→ The students were made to come to school early in the morning by the teacher.
c. 母親は子どもににんじんをたべさせました。 → 子どもは母親ににんじんをたべさせられました。
The mother made the child eat carrots.
→ The child was made to eat carrots by the mother.
d. 上司は部下に報告書をださせました。→ 部下は上司に報告書をださせられました。
The boss made the subordinates submit a report.
→ The subordinates were made to submit a report by the boss.
e. 先生は学生たちにかんじをおぼえさせました。→ 学生たちは先生にかんじをおぼえさせられました。
The teacher made the students remember kanji.
→ The students were made to remember kanji by the teacher.
f. 母親は子どもを買いものに行かせました。→ 子どもは母親に買いものに行かせられました / 行かされました。
The mother made the child go shopping.
→ The child was made to go shopping by the mother.
Did you get everything right?
Japanese verbs and adjectives have many other conjugated forms.
I introduce them in this blog, so please take a look.
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